花丝织就锦绣 镶嵌内有乾坤******
金丝翼善冠
“繁花锦绣”捧盒 吴燕
“好事成双”柿子捧盒 吴燕
【艺术手札】
花丝镶嵌制作技艺作为“燕京八绝”之一,于2008年被列入第二批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。花丝镶嵌又称细金工艺,是“花丝”和“镶嵌”两种制作技艺的结合,作为中华民族历史上的千载古艺,其精致、细腻、华丽的特色代表了金银器传统工艺的巅峰。
当人们看到一件花丝镶嵌作品时,往往无法用语言来形容它的美。360度全景观看,每个角度都婀娜多姿,美轮美奂,仿佛不是人为,而出自天工。但人们对花丝镶嵌的了解相对匮乏,即便在北京,对它的认知度也并不算高。究其原因,一方面是因为其工艺繁复、用料昂贵,古时多为皇家所用,百姓在民间很难见到;另一方面是其制作过程漫长而枯燥,需要具有虔诚之心及坚定意志的人来完成,很多人往往沉不住气,半途而废。
我国的花丝镶嵌制作技艺成熟于秦汉时期,出土的汉代花丝镶嵌器物数量相对较多,到东汉时制作技艺更加成熟。魏晋南北朝至唐宋元时期,该制作技艺得到不断发展与完善。唐朝国力强盛,经济繁荣,文化发达,花丝镶嵌制作技艺进入全新的发展阶段。两宋时期,金银器的制作风格不再像唐代那样气势恢宏、雍容华贵,而是追求新颖雅致的格调,充满了生活气息,具有典型的时代特色。到了元代,北方游牧民族的花丝镶嵌制作工艺则较为简洁,讲究实用性。
明代万历皇帝的金丝翼善冠,被认为是中国古代花丝镶嵌制作技艺的代表作之一。精妙细腻的花丝镶嵌工艺一直为宫廷御用,所谓“花丝万缕织金冠,妙手镶嵌有乾坤”,正是对这项精妙工艺的高度概括。可以说,花丝镶嵌织就了一部古代皇家珠宝史。及至清代,皇家金银器的制作更加奢华,追求雍容华贵、富丽堂皇之感。
正是经历了明清两代的发展,皇城脚下才形成了当今独特的北京花丝镶嵌制作技艺。北京的花丝镶嵌工艺最为齐全,发展出了独特的皇家宫廷艺术风格,以编织、堆垒等技艺见长。一件精美的花丝镶嵌工艺品往往是多种工艺的结合,制作工序极为复杂。首先要制成胎型,施以花丝、锼、錾等工艺,再经烧焊,制成半成品,然后经过酸洗、烧蓝、镀金、压亮、镶嵌等工序才算最终完成。
近年来,随着国家对中华传统非遗文化的重视以及文化自信的不断增强,我们欣喜地看到,非遗国礼频频亮相国际展会,中国传统非遗技艺展演等活动层出不穷,“大国工匠”的评选与技术交流、工艺美术实训基地的建立以及非遗技艺进入中小学校园……非遗技艺作为中华优秀传统文化的载体,得到了继承与发扬,薪火相传、后继有人。
在当今的市场经济环境下,非遗传统技艺产品想要突出重围,获得一席之地,就要从思维上创新,从技术上改良。通过多年来对工艺的探索以及从事产品开发积累的经验,我认为工艺美术产品在创新过程中要遵循艺术与市场的发展规律,创新既要体现出工艺的特色、时代的特征,同时在设计理念上还要符合当今市场的需求,精准定位,适时转变发展的方向。
传统的花丝镶嵌技艺因消耗较多的贵金属材料与人工成本,价格过高,制作周期较长,难以得到市场认可。怎样才能突破这一瓶颈呢?可以从材料的选择以及搭配比例上进行调整。笔者在创作“好事成双”柿子捧盒时,便融入了将贵金属与其他材质相结合的理念。在拟定设计方案时,我选用了传统中式的红与金二色,给人以高贵典雅的享受。盒盖部分运用花丝镶嵌工艺,大面积的盒身则选用铜胎景泰蓝工艺。花丝的金与景泰蓝的红相映生辉,端庄大气,同时也节约了材料成本,两全其美。
在设计“有凤来仪·凤冠套装”时,我则运用3D建模技术进行了最初设计效果图的制作,不仅可以快速呈现出产品各角度的效果,还可以及时调整产品结构中不妥当的地方,比手工制作完成之后再调整要节约出大量的时间和精力。在实际制作中,我将手工工艺与机制工艺相结合,最终的呈现效果毫不逊色于纯手工制作,不仅节省了大量人工成本,且能够形成量产,便于销售。这些产品试制的成功案例,很大程度上增强了我们工艺美术从业人员的信心。在当今的信息时代,适当地引入计算机辅助手段,改变传统设计制作的流程,这些技术变革大大促进了传统工艺美术产品的创新与发展。
弘扬中华优秀传统文化,传承工艺美术非遗技艺,希望有更多的人能够爱上花丝镶嵌并将其传承下去,让这项巧夺天工的古老技艺继续在人间闪耀着迷人的光彩。
(作者:吴燕,系北京工艺美术大师、北京市高级工艺美术师)
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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